Chapter 21 · Class 11-12 & NEET

Morphology of Flowering Plants

43 topics in 14 parts

Key ideas

Biological Parameter	Primary / Normal Condition	Alternative / Specialized Variant
Morphological Feature	Conserved anatomical architecture	Adapted/Modified structure for specialized function
Energetic / Metabolic State	Basal physiological activity	Induced / Stress-responsive activation
Regulatory Control	Endocrine & enzymatic feedback	Autonomous / Environmental signaling
Evolutionary Fitness Impact	Essential for organismal survival	Enhances reproductive efficiency & niche adaptation

Root
- Tap, Fibrous & Adventitious Roots
- Regions & Root Cap
- Modifications
Leaf
- Structure & Venation
- Simple & Compound Leaves
- Modifications
Stem Modifications
- Underground Modifications
- Subaerial & Aerial Modifications
- Buds & Tendrils
Phyllotaxy
- Alternate
- Opposite
- Whorled
Inflorescence
- Racemose
- Cymose
Flower Structure
- Calyx, Corolla & Perianth
- Position of Floral Parts on Thalamus
- Floral Organs & Shoot Modification
Flower Symmetry
- Actinomorphic (Radial)
- Zygomorphic (Bilateral)
- Asymmetric
Aestivation
- Valvate & Twisted
- Imbricate & Vexillary
Androecium
- Stamen Cohesion (Monadelphous & Diadelphous)
- Stamen Adhesion (Epipetalous & Epiphyllous)
Gynoecium
- Apocarpous & Syncarpous Ovary
- Ovary Position (Superior, Inferior & Half-Inferior)
- Carpel Structure & Stigma
Placentation
- Marginal & Axile
- Parietal & Free Central
- Basal & Superficial
Fruit
- Pericarp & Fruit Wall
- Simple & Aggregate Fruits
- Drupe & Berry
Seed
- Dicotyledonous & Monocotyledonous Seeds
- Endospermic & Non-Endospermic Seeds
- Seed Coat, Embryo & Caruncle
Plant Families
- Floral Formula & Floral Diagram
- Fabaceae
- Solanaceae
- Brassicaceae
- Poaceae
- Asteraceae
- Malvaceae