Chapter 5 · Class 11-12 & JEE/NEET
Biomolecules
65 topics in 14 parts
Key ideas
Diagnostic Comparison & Property Matrix
| Parameter / Feature | Standard State / Condition A | Altered State / Condition B |
|---|---|---|
| Driving Force | Thermodynamic control (more stable product) | Kinetic control (lower activation barrier) |
| Solvent Dependency | Polar protic solvent stabilizes charge separation | Polar aprotic solvent accelerates bare nucleophilicity |
| Temperature Influence | High temperatures favor elimination / endothermic | Mild temperatures favor addition / exothermic |
| Common Pitfall | Overlooking rearrangement or stereochemical inversion | Neglecting boundary limits or stoichiometric coefficients |
All 65 topics in Biomolecules
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides
- Photosynthesis & Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Qualitative Tests
Monosaccharides
- Classification & Structural Formulas
- D & L Designations & Stereochemistry
- Fischer & Haworth Projections
- Cyclic Structures, Anomers & Mutarotation
- Configuration of D-(+)-Glucose
- Glucose Preparation & Properties
- Fructose Properties
- Amino Sugars & Glycosylamines
Reactions of Monosaccharides
- Oxidation Reactions Using Benedict's, Tollens', Bromine Water & Nitric Acid
- Periodate Oxidative Cleavage
- Reduction & Alditols
- Glycoside & Cyclic Acetal Formation
- Ester & Ether Formation
- Enolization & Tautomerization
- Kiliani-Fischer Synthesis & Ruff Degradation
- Protecting Groups in Carbohydrate Synthesis
Disaccharides
- Sucrose & Invert Sugar
- Maltose
- Lactose
- Cellobiose
- Glycosidic Linkages & Reducing Sugars
Polysaccharides
- Starch
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
Amino Acids
- Structures & Names
- Classification: Acidic, Basic, Neutral & Essential
- Dipolar Ions & Zwitterions
- Isoelectric Point & Acid-Base Equilibria
- Stereochemistry & Optical Activity
- Qualitative Tests
Synthesis & Reactions of Amino Acids
- Strecker Synthesis
- Synthesis from Potassium Phthalimide
- Resolution of DL-Amino Acids
- Reactions & Hydrolysis
Polypeptides & Proteins
- Peptide Bond Formation & Sequence Combinations
- Primary Structure & Sanger N-Terminal Analysis
- Secondary Structure: Alpha-Helix & Beta-Pleated Sheet
- Tertiary & Quaternary Structures
- Fibrous & Globular Proteins
- Denaturation & Coagulation
- Qualitative Tests Using the Biuret Test
Enzymes
- Classification & Naming
- Properties & Turnover Number
- Mechanism & Catalytic Cycle
- Inhibition: Competitive & Non-Competitive
- Cofactors & Coenzymes
Nucleic Acids
- Chemical Constitution of DNA & RNA
- Nitrogenous Bases: Purines & Pyrimidines
- Nucleosides & Nucleotides
- Phosphodiester Linkages
- Double Helix Structure & Base Pairing
- Chirality & Physical Properties
Vitamins
- Classification & Functions
- Deficiency Diseases
Hormones
- Types & Functions
Lipids
- Structure & Classification
- Fatty Acids: Saturated & Unsaturated
- Phospholipids & Lecithin
Biomolecular Composition & Metabolism
- Elemental Composition
- Macromolecules & Monomers
- Primary & Secondary Metabolites
- Anabolism & Catabolism