Chapter 29 · Class 11-12 & JEE/NEET
Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry
76 topics in 17 parts
Key ideas
Diagnostic Comparison & Property Matrix
| Parameter / Feature | Standard State / Condition A | Altered State / Condition B |
|---|---|---|
| Driving Force | Thermodynamic control (more stable product) | Kinetic control (lower activation barrier) |
| Solvent Dependency | Polar protic solvent stabilizes charge separation | Polar aprotic solvent accelerates bare nucleophilicity |
| Temperature Influence | High temperatures favor elimination / endothermic | Mild temperatures favor addition / exothermic |
| Common Pitfall | Overlooking rearrangement or stereochemical inversion | Neglecting boundary limits or stoichiometric coefficients |
All 76 topics in Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry
Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
- System & Surroundings
- Thermodynamic Properties
- Types of Systems
- Thermodynamic Processes
- State Functions
- Intensive & Extensive Properties
- Zeroth Law & Thermal Equilibrium
Heat, Work & Internal Energy
- Heat
- Work
- Internal Energy
- PV Work & Diagrams
- Reversible & Irreversible Work
- Non-Expansion Work
First Law of Thermodynamics
- Mathematical Formulation
- Heat & Work Sign Conventions
- Applications to Thermodynamic Processes
Heat Capacity & Specific Heats
- Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
- Heat Capacity at Constant Volume
- Relation Between Cp & Cv
- Temperature-Dependent Heat Capacity
Ideal-Gas Expansion & Compression
- Isothermal Expansion & Compression
- Adiabatic Expansion & Compression
- Isobaric & Isochoric Processes
- Free Expansion
- Irreversible Expansion Against Constant External Pressure
Joule–Thomson Effect & Inversion Temperature
- Joule–Thomson Coefficient
- Inversion Temperature
Enthalpy & Calorimetry
- Enthalpy
- Relationship Between ΔU & ΔH
- ΔH Measurement
- ΔU Measurement
- Bomb Calorimetry
- Coffee-Cup Calorimetry
- Calorimetric Corrections
Thermochemistry
- Thermochemical Equations
- Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions
- Enthalpy of Reaction
Laws of Thermochemistry
- Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
- Lavoisier–Laplace Law
- Kirchhoff’s Law
Enthalpies of Reactions
- Enthalpy of Formation
- Enthalpy of Combustion
- Enthalpy of Neutralization
- Enthalpy of Atomization
- Enthalpy of Solution
- Enthalpy of Hydration
- Enthalpy of Phase Transformation
- Resonance Energy
Bond Enthalpy & Lattice Enthalpy
- Bond Enthalpy & Bond Dissociation Enthalpy
- Average Bond Enthalpy
- Lattice Enthalpy
- Born–Haber Cycle
Spontaneity & Second Law
- Enthalpy Criterion for Spontaneity
- Entropy Criterion for Spontaneity
- Second Law Statements
Entropy
- Calculation of Entropy Change
- Chemical Changes
- Physical Changes
- Factors Affecting Entropy
- Universe Entropy Change
Gibbs Energy & Equilibrium
- Gibbs Energy & Spontaneity
- Calculation of ΔG
- ΔG° & Equilibrium Constant
- Gibbs–Helmholtz Equation
- Van’t Hoff Reaction Isotherm
- Chemical Potential
- Maximum Non-Expansion Work
Carnot Cycle & Heat Engines
- Cyclic Processes
- Carnot Cycle
- Heat-Engine Efficiency
Phase Equilibria
- Phase Transformations
- Clapeyron Equation
- Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
Third Law of Thermodynamics
- Absolute Entropy
- Unattainability of Absolute Zero
- T–S Curves